In a medium saucepan, combine barley and water/broth. Bring to a boil, then simmer covered over low heat for 45–55 minutes until tender-chewy.
Heat oven to 400°F (200°C). On a large rimmed sheet, toss zucchini, bell peppers, and onion with 3 tbsp olive oil, baharat, smoked paprika, ½ tsp kosher salt, and black pepper. Roast 30–35 minutes, stirring halfway, until tender and caramelized.
Toast pine nuts in a small dry skillet over medium-low heat for 2–4 minutes, shaking often, until golden; transfer to a plate.
In a small bowl or jar, whisk remaining 3 tbsp olive oil with lemon zest and juice, garlic, and the remaining ½ tsp kosher salt until emulsified.
Drain any excess liquid from barley; transfer to a large bowl. Add roasted vegetables and chickpeas; toss gently.
Add vinaigrette and toss to coat. Fold in parsley, toasted pine nuts, and feta. Serve warm, at room temperature, or chilled.